Four people walk in a garden for less than two seconds. French inventor Louis Le Prince recorded the scene in Leeds on 14 October 1888 with a single-lens camera. The surviving frames predate the films of Thomas Edison and Auguste and Louis Lumière. It is accurate to call this the earliest surviving motion picture made with a single-lens camera. It is not accurate to call it the first public movie screening: Le Prince never presented it to a paying audience.
Louis Le Prince asked four people to walk in a circle so they would remain inside his fixed camera's narrow view. His son Adolphe Le Prince crosses the center. Annie Hartley and Sarah Whitley move at the front, while Joseph Whitley is partly hidden behind Hartley. They are not performing a story. Their movement is the experiment.
Only 20 copied frames survive. At the 10 to 12 pictures per second recorded by Adolphe Le Prince, they last less than two seconds. The familiar online clip repeats or stabilizes those frames; it is a reconstruction of a fragment, not an untouched modern film file from 1888.
It depends on what 'first film' means. Earlier inventors had created sequential photographs and moving-image devices. Roundhay Garden Scene is important because it is the earliest surviving sequence recorded on film through a single lens and intended to reproduce continuous movement.
It was not the first film shown to a paying public. Le Prince planned a public demonstration but disappeared in 1890 before it happened. The Lumière brothers later built a practical camera-and-projector system. Their program at the Grand Café in Paris on 28 December 1895 became the landmark first commercial screening for a paying audience.
Louis Le Prince was a French inventor, photographer, and trained artist who lived and worked in Leeds. His earlier camera used 16 lenses, which made it difficult to place every image in a smooth sequence. His single-lens design exposed successive pictures on paper-backed film, bringing the images into one consistent viewpoint.
The original camera could not pan or follow its subjects. The family therefore moved in a circle in front of it. That simple practical choice created the scene we can still watch: ordinary people moving together, made extraordinary because the camera could preserve their motion.
Le Prince was preparing to promote his invention in the United States when he visited family and friends in France. On 16 September 1890, he boarded a train from Dijon to Paris and disappeared. No reliable evidence explains what happened to him.
His disappearance matters to cinema history because he never completed the public demonstration that might have established his invention. Seven years after the garden film, the Lumière screening in Paris joined camera, projection, audience, and a commercial program. Roundhay records an earlier technical achievement; Paris marks the public institution of cinema that followed.
14 October 1888
Le Prince records Roundhay Garden Scene in the Whitley family garden in Leeds.
Late 1888
He records other surviving Leeds sequences, including Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge.
16 September 1890
Le Prince disappears while travelling by train from Dijon to Paris.
28 December 1895
The Lumière brothers present the first commercial film program to a paying audience at the Grand Café in Paris.
1930
The National Science Museum makes photographic copies of the surviving paper-film frames.
A surviving 1888 motion-picture fragment filmed by French inventor Louis Le Prince in a garden in Roundhay, Leeds. Four people walk in a circle for less than two seconds.
It is the earliest surviving motion picture recorded with a single-lens camera. It was not the first film shown to a paying audience, and earlier moving-image experiments used other methods.
Louis Le Prince's son Adolphe Le Prince; Annie Hartley; and Le Prince's parents-in-law, Sarah and Joseph Whitley.
The surviving copy contains 20 frames. Played at the reported rate of 12 frames per second, it lasts about 1.7 seconds.
Louis Le Prince was a French inventor, photographer, and moving-image pioneer. He developed a single-lens camera in Leeds and used it to record some of the earliest surviving moving pictures in 1888.
He disappeared on 16 September 1890 while travelling from Dijon to Paris. His fate remains unknown; claims that explain his disappearance are theories, not verified facts.
Cast · 1888
Aged sixteen, Adolphe crossed the centre of his grandparents' garden during his father's 14 October 1888 camera test — the fourth walker in the circle, and the only one of the film's featured four still visible in the surviving frames without another figure obscuring him.
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