
The Stranger
A clerk in Algiers kills a man, then faces a court more interested in his behavior at his mother’s funeral.
Read our take
by Leo Tolstoy
A dying judge discovers that the respectable life he built may have been the wrong one.
Leo Tolstoy’s 1886 novella follows a successful judge whose terminal illness strips away his confidence in career, status, and the social performances around him.
Tolstoy examines physical suffering, social performance, and the possibility that an ordinary successful life has been built on the wrong values.

A clerk in Algiers kills a man, then faces a court more interested in his behavior at his mother’s funeral.
Read our takeExplore authors with a similar voice, perspective, and influence.

The doctor of the Paris slums who wrote the century's blackest, funniest novel — and changed the sound of French prose.
View author
The Brooklyn dropout who arrived in Paris broke at thirty-eight and wrote the exuberant, banned books that ended American censorship.
View author
The Jazz Age's laureate — famous at twenty-three, author of Gatsby at twenty-eight, and owner of the longest posthumous comeback in American letters.
View authorThe sources below include the primary text, editions, scholarship, archival materials, and other records that informed this page. They document The Death of Ivan Ilyich, its publication, and its place in literary history.

Open Library ISBN catalogue used to verify the title, ISBN, and publication metadata.
Google Books catalogue record used to cross-check the title and edition metadata.
Internet Archive ISBN catalogue used to cross-check the edition and its availability in library holdings.
Library of Congress books catalogue used to cross-check the bibliographic record by ISBN.
The primary text is the baseline reference for every book page. Additional references document publication history, interpretation, and historical context where that evidence is available.