The Negro Speaks of Rivers
The poem Langston Hughes wrote on a train at nineteen — Black history carried through four rivers, from the Euphrates to the Mississippi — and the work that opened his career. Its last line is carved into the floor above his ashes.
- 1921
- Free-verse poem, thirteen lines
About Langston Hughes
Written on a train, crossing the Mississippi
In the summer of 1921, on the long train ride to Mexico to spend a year with his father, Langston Hughes crossed the Mississippi outside St. Louis and began writing on the back of an envelope. He was nineteen. The poem he finished imagines a single voice that has known the world's great rivers — bathing in the Euphrates, building a hut by the Congo, raising the pyramids above the Nile, hearing the Mississippi sing when Abraham Lincoln went down to New Orleans — and it gave that voice a refrain: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers."
The Crisis, the NAACP magazine edited by W. E. B. Du Bois, published it in June 1921 — Hughes's first appearance in a national magazine. When his first book, The Weary Blues, came out in 1926, the poem anchored its own section and carried a dedication to Du Bois. The full 1926 text is in the public domain, and every line of it is on this page's source list.
No poem stayed closer to Hughes. It opened his career, he read it from stages for four decades, and when he died in 1967 his ashes were interred beneath the lobby floor of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, under a cosmogram titled Rivers.
Timeline
1921
Written on the train to Mexico, crossing the Mississippi; The Crisis publishes it in June — Hughes's first poem in a national magazine.
1926
Collected in The Weary Blues, Hughes's first book, with a dedication to W. E. B. DuBois.
1991
Hughes's ashes are interred beneath the cosmogram Rivers, named for the poem, in the lobby of the Schomburg Center in Harlem.
Frequently asked questions
What is The Negro Speaks of Rivers about?
A single collective voice speaks for Black history across thousands of years, claiming four rivers — the Euphrates, the Congo, the Nile and the Mississippi — as witnesses. The poem connects African antiquity to American slavery and emancipation in thirteen lines, and its refrain, "My soul has grown deep like the rivers," makes endurance itself the subject.
When did Langston Hughes write The Negro Speaks of Rivers?
In 1921, when he was nineteen, on the train to Mexico to spend a year with his father — he began it crossing the Mississippi outside St. Louis. The Crisis, the NAACP's magazine, published it that June.
Why are the four rivers in the poem significant?
Each carries a piece of the history the speaker claims: the Euphrates for the beginnings of civilization, the Congo for Africa, the Nile for the pyramids built by enslaved labor, and the Mississippi for American slavery — with Abraham Lincoln going down to New Orleans, where the slave markets were.
Who is The Negro Speaks of Rivers dedicated to?
W. E. B. Du Bois, whose magazine The Crisis first published the poem in June 1921. The dedication appears with the poem in Hughes's first book, The Weary Blues (1926).
Is The Negro Speaks of Rivers in the public domain?
Yes. It was published in 1921 and collected in The Weary Blues in 1926; both printings are in the US public domain, and the full 1926 text is freely available on Project Gutenberg.
What does the Schomburg Center have to do with the poem?
Langston Hughes's ashes are interred beneath the lobby floor of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, under a floor cosmogram titled Rivers, designed around lines from this poem. The career the poem opened in 1921 closes, literally, on its words.
