Russian painter, celebrated as a pioneer of abstract art, who gave up a Moscow law career at thirty to study painting in Munich, co-founded the Blue Rider group in 1911, taught for eleven years at the Bauhaus, the German design school — and spent his last eleven years in a flat in Neuilly-sur-Seine that the French artist Marcel Duchamp had pointed him towards, painting soft cell-like forms nothing like the hard geometry Germany knew him for.
Wassily Kandinsky spent his twenties as a lawyer. He studied law and economics at the University of Moscow, worked as an academic assistant, and turned down a teaching post — then, at thirty, moved to Munich to learn to paint. What followed made him one of the artists most often named as a founder of abstract art: pictures that gave up on depicting recognizable objects and asked colour and line to do the work alone, backed by a book, On the Spiritual in Art, published in December 1911.
The Paris years are the least familiar part of that life and the last third of it. When the Nazis forced the Bauhaus — the German design school where he had taught since 1922 — to close for good in July 1933, the Kandinskys left Germany. In January 1934 they moved into a new building in Neuilly-sur-Seine, the town on the western edge of Paris, on the recommendation of Marcel Duchamp. Kandinsky took French citizenship in 1939, stayed put when Germany invaded in 1940, and died in Neuilly on 13 December 1944. The painting he did there went soft: biomorphic shapes drawn from magnified photographs of cells and tissue, encouraged by two artist friends from Paris's Surrealist circle — the movement that drew its images from dreams and the unconscious — Joan Miró and Jean Arp.
Kandinsky was born in Moscow on 4 December 1866. He studied law and economics at the University of Moscow from 1886 to 1892 and stayed on to work in the faculty, and he was offered a university teaching position. He turned it down to go and study art in Munich, which he did in 1896, at thirty — an age at which most painters have been working for a decade. He credited the decision to an exhibition he had seen in Moscow, and to one canvas in it from the Haystacks series by Claude Monet, the French Impressionist painter of fleeting light and open air.[1]
In Munich he trained under the Slovenian painter Anton Ažbe from 1897 to 1899 and at the Academy of Fine Arts under the German painter Franz von Stuck in 1900. From June 1908 he worked between Munich and Murnau, a village in the Bavarian foothills, in the burst of production that took him towards what the Centre Pompidou's own account calls the beginning of his path to a painting without a subject.[2]
In 1911 Kandinsky and the German painter Franz Marc broke away from the Munich artists' association they belonged to and set up their own. They called it Der Blaue Reiter — the Blue Rider — and it was less a movement with a doctrine than a shared platform: an exhibition, opened in Munich in December 1911, and an almanac, published in May 1912, that printed Bavarian glass painting, children's drawings, African carving and new music beside their own work, on the argument that all of it came from the same place. The painter Gabriele Münter and the graphic artist Alfred Kubin organized it with them.[1]
The same December he published Über das Geistige in der Kunst — On the Spiritual in Art — the treatise that argued a painting could work the way music does, on the nerves and the spirit, through colour and form alone, with no object in it to recognize. The Centre Pompidou describes him as famous both as a pioneer of abstract art and as a theorist of it. He is one of several artists credited with arriving at abstraction around 1910 to 1913, and which canvas came first has been argued over ever since.
He was in Russia for the 1917 Revolution and its aftermath, and returned to Germany to teach at the Bauhaus, the state design school founded at Weimar, from 1922. The Bauhaus years are the ones that made his textbook reputation: circles, triangles, straight lines and hard-edged colour, taught as a system. In 1937 the Nazi regime seized fourteen of his works from German museums and exhibited them in Munich in Entartete Kunst — 'Degenerate Art' — the show staged to hold modern painting up for public ridicule.[3]
The Bauhaus closed for good in Berlin in July 1933 under Nazi pressure. In December the Kandinskys decided on exile and left for Paris, and in January 1934 they moved into a newly built block in Neuilly-sur-Seine, immediately west of the city — a flat pointed out to them by Marcel Duchamp. Kandinsky was sixty-seven. He showed between 1935 and 1937 with Abstraction-Création, the Paris association of abstract painters, and in exhibitions in New York and London.[2]
The painting changed in Neuilly, and the change is easy to see without knowing anything about him. The Bauhaus pictures are built from ruled geometry — circles, grids, sharp diagonals. The Paris pictures fill up with soft, rounded, tadpole-and-amoeba shapes that look alive, taken from magnified photographs of cells and tissue, floating on pale grounds. The Pompidou's account names the friends who steered that evolution: the Surrealists he saw in Paris, Joan Miró and Jean Arp above all, whose own vocabulary of curved organic forms was the nearest thing to a model.[4]
The Kandinskys became French citizens in 1939. When Germany invaded France in 1940 they decided to stay in Paris despite the daily difficulties of the occupation, and he went on working: the last large canvas, Delicate Tensions, is dated 1942. He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine on 13 December 1944, some months after the liberation of Paris.
One Paris evening of his last decade is documented from both sides. On 10 March 1939 the Mexican painter Frida Kahlo opened an exhibition at the galerie Renou et Colle, and Kandinsky was among the artists who congratulated her. He wrote about her a week later, on 17 March: she was 'there in person, in Mexican dress — very charming'.[5]
His widow, Nina Kandinsky, gave the bulk of what she had inherited to the French national collections, and that generosity is why the Musée national d'art moderne at the Centre Pompidou holds 1,301 works by him — 110 paintings made between 1900 and 1944, plus hundreds of drawings, watercolours, prints and papers. The Pompidou's research library, which serves the whole museum, is named the Bibliothèque Kandinsky after him.[2]
He was Russian by birth, German for most of his working life, and French only for his last five years, and the Paris decade produced no manifesto and no school — he was in his late sixties and seventies, living in a suburb, through a war. What it produced was the final body of work, and the largest collection of it in the world is a twenty-minute walk from the Seine.
The paintings that made his name are spread across four cities: Moscow, Munich, New York and Paris. The New York canvases were the start of an entire museum — Composition VIII was the first Kandinsky that Solomon R. Guggenheim bought, and the collection of abstract art it began became the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
Born in Moscow on 4 December.
Studies law and economics at the University of Moscow until 1892, then works in the faculty.
Declines a university teaching position and moves to Munich to study art, at thirty. He credited a Monet Haystacks canvas seen in Moscow with the decision.
Returns to Munich in June and begins the Murnau years, the turn towards painting without a recognizable subject.
With Franz Marc, leaves the Munich artists' association to found Der Blaue Reiter. The group's first exhibition opens in Munich in December; On the Spiritual in Art is published the same month.
The Blaue Reiter almanac appears in May.
Begins teaching at the Bauhaus in Weimar.
The Bauhaus closes for good in Berlin in July under Nazi pressure. In December the Kandinskys leave Germany for Paris.
In January they settle in Neuilly-sur-Seine, in a new building recommended by Marcel Duchamp. The late biomorphic style begins here.
Exhibits with the Paris abstract group Abstraction-Création, and in New York and London, until 1937.
Fourteen of his works, confiscated by the Nazis from German museums, are shown in the Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich.
The Kandinskys obtain French citizenship.
Germany invades France; they choose to remain in Paris through the occupation.
Paints his last large canvas, Delicate Tensions, in 1942, and dies at Neuilly-sur-Seine on 13 December 1944.
Painting
Six diagonal bands of flat colour, yellow, blue, red, purple, orange and pale green, run from the lower left to the upper right behind a crowd of small floating forms and one large dark shape like a kidney. Wassily Kandinsky painted it at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1936, two years after leaving Germany, and the French State bought it in 1939 for a twentieth of his asking price. It was the only painting of his to enter a French museum in his lifetime.
Painting
A black wedge, a yellow spike, a red triangle and a ringed circle fly outward from the middle of a white canvas, and only a violet hook curling back toward the centre slows them. Wassily Kandinsky painted it at Weimar between February and April 1923, in his second year teaching at the Bauhaus, and later hung it in the dining room of his flat at Dessau. It came to the Centre Pompidou with Nina Kandinsky's donation of 1976.
Painting
Three masses of colour, one wine-red, one blue and one orange-red, sit at the corners of a triangle on a pale ground, and a thick black arch crosses the upper half of the canvas. Wassily Kandinsky painted it in Munich in the autumn of 1912 and sent it to his first solo exhibition, at the Der Sturm gallery in Berlin, that October. Nina Kandinsky gave it to the French national collection in 1976, and it belongs to the Centre Pompidou in Paris.
Painting
More than a dozen small striped and spotted creatures float on a milky blue ground, none of them touching another. Wassily Kandinsky painted it in his flat at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1940, the year Germany occupied Paris, after a visit to Joan Miró on the Normandy coast. Nina Kandinsky gave it to the French state in 1976, and it belongs to the Centre Pompidou.
Painting
A yellow rectangle with a small blue head stands at the left, a deep blue circle wrapped in a heavy black curve fills the right, and red and violet shapes float between them. Wassily Kandinsky painted the two-metre canvas at Weimar between March and May 1925, in the last months of the Bauhaus there. Nina Kandinsky gave it to the French state in 1976, and it belongs to the Centre Pompidou in Paris.
Met · 1939
Kandinsky, then living at Neuilly-sur-Seine, was among the artists who congratulated Kahlo at the opening of the Mexique exhibition on 10 March 1939. He described her in a letter of 17 March as there in person, in Mexican dress, very charming.
Met · 1934
When the Kandinskys left Germany after the Bauhaus closed, the new building they moved into at Neuilly-sur-Seine in January 1934 was one Duchamp had pointed out to them. Kandinsky lived there until his death in 1944.
The Centre Pompidou's account of Kandinsky's Paris decade names his Surrealist friends, Arp and Miro in particular, as the artists who most directed his pictorial evolution there - the shift from Bauhaus geometry to the soft biomorphic forms of the late work.
Named with Arp by the Centre Pompidou as the Surrealist friends who most directed Kandinsky's painting during his Paris years, when his forms turned organic and curved after a decade of Bauhaus geometry.
Christian Zervos gave Kandinsky a solo showing of recent watercolours at Cahiers d'Art in June 1935, at a point when few Paris dealers were interested in abstraction.
Visit the place
The Bois de Boulogne lay immediately beside Kandinsky's Neuilly flat and he walked it regularly; the organic and cellular forms of his late painting are often connected to that habit.
Visit the place
Kandinsky bought materials at Sennelier on the quai Voltaire during the wartime shortages, when pigment and canvas were scarce.
Visit the place
Jeanne Bucher exhibited Kandinsky in 1936, 1939 and 1942 - the last of them under an occupation whose cultural authorities had classified abstract painting as degenerate.
Visit the place
Kandinsky used the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere in the 1930s to keep contact with the international students and artists working around Montparnasse.
Visit the place
Kandinsky and his wife Nina moved into the Neuilly flat in 1934, on Marcel Duchamp's recommendation, after the Nazis closed the Bauhaus. He converted the living room into a studio and worked there until his death on 13 December 1944.
Visit the placeIn Neuilly-sur-Seine, the town immediately west of Paris, from January 1934 until his death on 13 December 1944. The flat was in a newly built block that Marcel Duchamp recommended to him. He had left Germany at the end of 1933, after the Nazis forced the Bauhaus to close.
The Bauhaus paintings of 1922–33 are geometric: circles, triangles, grids, ruled lines, flat hard-edged colour. The Neuilly paintings are curved and organic — rounded, soft, embryo- and amoeba-like forms, often on pale grounds. He took them from magnified photographs of cells and tissue, and the Centre Pompidou credits his Surrealist friends in Paris, particularly Joan Miró and Jean Arp, with steering the change.
He is one of the artists most often credited with it, and the Centre Pompidou calls him a pioneer of abstract art, but no single canvas settles the question. His break from recognizable subject matter came gradually between about 1908 and 1913, in Munich and Murnau, and other painters were moving the same way at the same time. His book On the Spiritual in Art, published in December 1911, is the clearest statement of why he thought a picture needed no object in it.
Der Blaue Reiter, a group Kandinsky founded in Munich in 1911 with the German painter Franz Marc, after the two of them walked out of the artists' association they belonged to. It was a platform rather than a doctrine: a first exhibition in December 1911, and an almanac published in May 1912 that set Bavarian folk glass painting, children's drawings and non-European carving alongside contemporary art and music. Gabriele Münter and Alfred Kubin helped organize it.
He became French in 1939, at seventy-two, five years after moving to Neuilly-sur-Seine and five years before he died there. He was born Russian in Moscow in 1866 and spent his working life in Germany — Munich, then the Bauhaus at Weimar, Dessau and Berlin — before the Nazis closed the school in 1933.
He stayed. When Germany invaded in 1940 the Kandinskys decided to remain in Paris despite the daily hardships, and he kept working through the war; his last large canvas, Delicate Tensions, is dated 1942. He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 13 December 1944, months after the liberation of Paris.
At the Centre Pompidou, whose Musée national d'art moderne holds 1,301 works by him, including 110 paintings made between 1900 and 1944. Most of it came from his widow, Nina Kandinsky, whose donation is the reason the collection is the size it is. The museum's research library is named the Bibliothèque Kandinsky.
Composition VIII (1923), at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, and Composition VII (1913), at the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, are the usual answers — the first was also the first Kandinsky that Solomon R. Guggenheim ever bought. The image most people have actually seen, though, is smaller: Color Study: Squares with Concentric Circles (1913), a watercolour study at the Lenbachhaus in Munich, made as a colour exercise rather than a finished painting.
Two different works. The one usually meant is Color Study: Squares with Concentric Circles (1913): a grid of twelve squares, each filled with rings of colour. It is a small watercolour at the Lenbachhaus in Munich, made to test how colours behave side by side. The other is Several Circles (1926), at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, a full-size oil in which translucent circles drift on a near-black ground.
Met · 1939
Kandinsky, then living at Neuilly-sur-Seine, was among the artists who congratulated Kahlo at the opening of the Mexique exhibition on 10 March 1939. He described her in a letter of 17 March as there in person, in Mexican dress, very charming.
Met · 1934
When the Kandinskys left Germany after the Bauhaus closed, the new building they moved into at Neuilly-sur-Seine in January 1934 was one Duchamp had pointed out to them. Kandinsky lived there until his death in 1944.
Exhibited at · 1936–1942
Jeanne Bucher exhibited Kandinsky in 1936, 1939 and 1942 - the last of them under an occupation whose cultural authorities had classified abstract painting as degenerate.
Exhibited at · 1935
Christian Zervos gave Kandinsky a solo showing of recent watercolours at Cahiers d'Art in June 1935, at a point when few Paris dealers were interested in abstraction.
Frequented
Kandinsky used the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere in the 1930s to keep contact with the international students and artists working around Montparnasse.
Frequented
The Bois de Boulogne lay immediately beside Kandinsky's Neuilly flat and he walked it regularly; the organic and cellular forms of his late painting are often connected to that habit.
Frequented
Kandinsky bought materials at Sennelier on the quai Voltaire during the wartime shortages, when pigment and canvas were scarce.
Lived at · 1934–1944
Kandinsky and his wife Nina moved into the Neuilly flat in 1934, on Marcel Duchamp's recommendation, after the Nazis closed the Bauhaus. He converted the living room into a studio and worked there until his death on 13 December 1944.
Influenced by · 1934–1944
The Centre Pompidou's account of Kandinsky's Paris decade names his Surrealist friends, Arp and Miro in particular, as the artists who most directed his pictorial evolution there - the shift from Bauhaus geometry to the soft biomorphic forms of the late work.
Influenced by · 1934–1944
Named with Arp by the Centre Pompidou as the Surrealist friends who most directed Kandinsky's painting during his Paris years, when his forms turned organic and curved after a decade of Bauhaus geometry.
The sources below include biographies, scholarly essays, interviews, and primary materials that informed this page. They reflect both the historical record and ongoing critical conversations about Wassily Kandinsky and their work.
The Centre Pompidou's education dossier: the Monet decision, Murnau, the 1933 exile, Duchamp and the Neuilly flat, the biomorphic late style, the 1937 seizures, and Nina Kandinsky's donation.
Web source consulted for documented facts and historical context presented on the Wassily Kandinsky page.
Web source consulted for documented facts and historical context presented on the Wassily Kandinsky page.
Quotes Kandinsky's letter of 17 March 1939 describing Frida Kahlo at her Paris exhibition.
Web source consulted for documented facts and historical context presented on the Wassily Kandinsky page.
These references anchor the page in the documented record and in the scholarly conversations around Wassily Kandinsky. Every claim on this page traces back to one or more of the works listed here.
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