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F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Jazz Age's laureate — famous at twenty-three, author of Gatsby at twenty-eight, and owner of the longest posthumous comeback in American letters.

8 books on our shelves

In images

Details

Lived
1896–1940
Born
24 September 1896
Birthplace
St. Paul, Minnesota
Died
21 December 1940 · aged 44
Place of death
Hollywood, California
Nationality
American
Married
Zelda Sayre · 1920–1940
Children
Frances ('Scottie')
Roles
Author
Also known as
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald · Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald · Scott

About F. Scott Fitzgerald

F. Scott Fitzgerald was famous before the twenties began: This Side of Paradise (1920) made the twenty-three-year-old from St. Paul the voice of his generation in a single season, and his marriage to Zelda Sayre the same week made the two of them its public face. He named the Jazz Age, chronicled it in stories that paid for the parties they described, and kept a ledger of the cost the whole time.

The masterpiece came early and quietly. The Great Gatsby, written mostly in France in 1924 and published in April 1925, sold modestly and puzzled reviewers. Weeks later, at the Dingo Bar in Montparnasse, Fitzgerald introduced himself to a young Ernest Hemingway he had already been championing to Scribner's sight unseen — the start of the era's most argued-over friendship, in which Fitzgerald's editing (he talked Hemingway into cutting the original opening of The Sun Also Rises) was repaid, decades later, with the sharpest chapters in A Moveable Feast.

The thirties broke the ledger open: Tender Is the Night (1934), Zelda's illness, the Crack-Up essays, Hollywood contract work. He died in 1940 at forty-four, with Gatsby nearly out of print — then the wartime Armed Services Editions put it in a hundred thousand kit bags, and the forgotten book became the American novel. The comeback has never really ended.

F. Scott Fitzgerald, illustrated

A few scenes from Fitzgerald's life, drawn for The Paris Atlas — illustrations, not photographs.

F. Scott Fitzgerald at Princeton.
F. Scott Fitzgerald at a party.
F. Scott Fitzgerald with Zelda on the Riviera.
F. Scott Fitzgerald at a Paris café.
F. Scott Fitzgerald at his writing desk.
F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood.
Illustrations — The Paris Atlas

Life events

  1. 1896

    Born 24 September in St. Paul, Minnesota — named for the distant cousin who wrote the national anthem.

    Fitzgerald with his mother, Mollie McQuillan Fitzgerald, in Saint Paul, Minnesota — the family he spent the Paris years an ocean away from. (Ethel Claire Brill)
  2. 1913–1917

    Princeton: Triangle Club musicals, literary ambition kept like a ledger, and no degree.

    Yes — it's him. Fitzgerald in costume as the Triangle Club's 'most beautiful show girl' for The Evil Eye, in the publicity photograph The New York Times ran in January 1916. Academic troubles kept him off the stage itself; the lyrics were his, and so, forever after, was the picture. (White Studio, via The New York Times)
  3. 1917

    A wartime commission that never reaches the war — and, at Camp Sheridan outside Montgomery, Alabama, a judge's daughter named Zelda Sayre.

    Second Lieutenant Fitzgerald, 1917 — commissioned that autumn; the war ended before his division shipped out, a miss he regretted all his life. (Photographer unknown)
  4. 1920

    This Side of Paradise, 26 March: famous at twenty-three, the voice of his generation in a single season. Zelda marries him at St. Patrick's Cathedral the following week.

    The publicity photograph circulated to American newspapers around the publication of This Side of Paradise — the season Fitzgerald became famous at twenty-three. (Studio photographer unknown)
  5. 1921

    First Europe; their daughter Scottie born in October.

    Scott and Zelda, September 1921 — married eighteen months, expecting Scottie, and already the country's most photographed literary couple. (Kenneth Melvin Wright)
  6. 1922

    The Beautiful and Damned; Great Neck, Long Island — the parties that would become West Egg.

    Scott and Zelda at the beach, 1922 — two summers before the Riviera. (Photographer unknown)
  7. 1923

    His play The Vegetable flops out of town; the Saturday Evening Post stories pay the bills — the trade he kept honest books on.

    Scott and Zelda photographed by Alfred Cheney Johnston, published in Hearst's International, May 1923 — the couple at their zenith, the year before France. (Alfred Cheney Johnston, Hearst's International)
  8. 1924

    The family sails for France — to the Riviera villa where Gatsby is written through the summer and fall.

    Pages from the family passport, 1924 — Scott, Zelda, and two-year-old Scottie, bound for France and the writing of The Great Gatsby. (United States Government Printing Office)
  9. 1925

    The Great Gatsby, 10 April. Weeks later, the Dingo bar on the rue Delambre — and Hemingway.

    The first-edition jacket of The Great Gatsby (1925) — Francis Cugat's celestial eyes over the carnival lights, painted before the novel was finished; Fitzgerald told Perkins he had written it into the book. (Cover art by Francis Cugat, Charles Scribner's Sons)

    Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964)

  10. 1926

    All the Sad Young Men; the Juan-les-Pins summer that A Moveable Feast files under 'Hawks Do Not Share.'

    Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964)

  11. 1929

    The expatriate paperwork years — Paris and the Riviera on renewable identity cards.

    Fitzgerald's French carte d'identité, 1929 — the expatriate years, stamped and countersigned. (Photographer unknown)
  12. 1930

    Zelda's first breakdown, at the Prangins clinic on Lake Geneva — the thirties arrive early.

  13. 1932

    Zelda writes Save Me the Waltz in six weeks at the Phipps Clinic; he rages at the overlap with his own book in progress, then helps see hers through the press.

  14. 1934

    Tender Is the Night — nine years after Gatsby, met with a shrug he never got over.

  15. 1936

    The Crack-Up essays in Esquire — the audit, made public.

  16. 1937

    Hollywood: the MGM contract, Sheilah Graham, and screen credits that mostly went to other men.

    Fitzgerald photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 4 June 1937 — the Hollywood years, three and a half years before his death. (Carl Van Vechten, Library of Congress)
  17. 1940

    Dies of a heart attack in Hollywood on 21 December, at forty-four — with Gatsby selling for pennies and nearly out of print.

  18. 1945

    The wartime Armed Services Editions put Gatsby in a hundred thousand kit bags — the comeback begins, and has never really ended.

Featured in these books

Cover of A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway

A Moveable Feast

by Ernest Hemingway

How F. Scott Fitzgerald appears in its pages: The subject of three chapters, beginning with a rain-soaked drive up from Lyon and ending with a question about measurements settled at the Louvre.

The full portrait — F. Scott Fitzgerald in A Moveable Feast

The subject of three chapters, beginning with a rain-soaked drive up from Lyon and ending with a question about measurements settled at the Louvre.

Who they are in the book

Spoiler-free

Scott gets more pages than anyone else in the book — three chapters, opened with an epigraph comparing his talent to the dust on a butterfly's wings. He introduces himself at the Dingo bar in 1925, already famous, and promptly drags Hemingway to Lyon to retrieve a rain-abandoned car, a trip that becomes the memoir's great comic set piece: hypochondria, thermometers, whiskey sours, and a friendship forming in spite of everything.

What Scott wants is to write seriously — and the book takes his talent completely seriously, especially after Hemingway reads The Great Gatsby. What stands in his way, in the memoir's telling, is everything else: the drinking, the parties, the magazine stories written for money, and a marriage that competes with the work. The portrait is affectionate, exasperated, and merciless all at once — often in the same paragraph.

How the book draws them

  • The faceA boy's face caught between handsome and pretty — wavy hair, a high forehead, friendly excitable eyes, and a delicate mouth that troubled you before you knew him, and more after.
  • What drink didThe book watches wine change him in real time — the skin drawing tight, the color going, the face turning waxen — on quantities that shouldn't have moved a grown man.
  • The mannerCharm first, always; then the blunt personal questions arrived, and the evening depended on which Scott was ahead.
  • The Lyon expeditionA car with no top, driven through rain in stages, with stops for shelter and whiskey sours — then a hotel bed, an imagined fatal congestion of the lungs, and a hunt for a thermometer to confirm it.
  • The tradeHe explains, matter-of-factly, how he writes his real stories and then adjusts them into magazine formula for the money — bookkeeping that shocks the narrator more than any of the drinking.
  • The Gatsby testWhen the narrator finally reads The Great Gatsby, the friendship re-files itself on the spot: a man who could write that well had to be forgiven the rest, and helped toward the next one.

At a glance

In the book
'Scott' — the era's famous novelist, met at the Dingo bar
Where he appears
'Scott Fitzgerald,' 'Hawks Do Not Share,' and 'A Matter of Measurements'
The real person
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald · 1896–1940 · St. Paul, Minnesota
Their ending, and the commentary — spoilers aheadHow the book leaves them, and what the record says. Open when you're ready.

The final Fitzgerald chapter, 'A Matter of Measurements,' is the book's most gossiped-about: Scott confides that Zelda has told him he is physically inadequate to make a woman happy, and Hemingway walks him to the Louvre's statues to settle the question in his favor. Fitzgerald's defenders have never forgiven the chapter — Scott was dead more than twenty years and could not answer it.

The memoir leaves Scott before the fall, but flags it: Hemingway notes that when Fitzgerald could write a book as fine as Gatsby, an even better one had to be possible, and the reader in 1964 already knew how the ledger closed. The crack-up years, Hollywood, and his death in 1940 at forty-four — with his masterpiece nearly out of print — all sit just past the book's last page. The revival that made Gatsby the American novel came after the war, too late for him to see it.

More people from A Moveable Feast

The character F. Scott Fitzgerald inspired

Cover of This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald

This Side of Paradise

by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Amory Blaine is invented, drawn from F. Scott Fitzgerald: The novel's fictional hero: handsome, vain, certain he is destined for something great, and educated mainly by losing the things he was certain of.

Read the character guide

People they knew

Documented connections — every one carries its source.

Illustrated portrait of Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway

  • Author
  • Journalist

Met · 1925-04

The era's most famous introduction: Fitzgerald, two weeks after Gatsby published, walks up to Hemingway at the Dingo bar — the friendship begins.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964); Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (1969)

Illustrated portrait of Zelda Fitzgerald

Zelda Fitzgerald

  • Author
  • Painter

Married to · 1920

The marriage at the center of both legends — lived through New York, the Riviera, and Paris, chronicled from the inside in their fiction and from a barstool's distance in A Moveable Feast.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964), the Fitzgerald chapters

Illustrated portrait of Gertrude Stein

Gertrude Stein

  • Author
  • Salon host
  • Patron

Met · 1925

The salon received Gatsby's author in 1925 and, unusually, flattered rather than instructed: the Autobiography predicts Fitzgerald will be read when many of his better-known contemporaries are forgotten.

Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)

Illustrated portrait of Alice B. Toklas

Alice B. Toklas

  • Salon host
  • Publisher
  • Author

Met · 1925

The rue de Fleurus received Gatsby's author in 1925, and Toklas was half of the reception — the Autobiography, written in her voice, records the visits and the household's high regard for him.

Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)

Illustrated portrait of Maxwell Perkins

Maxwell Perkins

  • Editor

Collaborated with

Perkins pushed the rejected manuscript that became This Side of Paradise past Scribner's older men in 1919, and edited everything Fitzgerald wrote afterwards. His letters about the vagueness of Gatsby himself prompted the rewrite that produced The Great Gatsby in 1925.

A. Scott Berg, Max Perkins: Editor of Genius (1978); A Fitzgerald Chronology — Matthew J. and Arlyn Bruccoli Collection of F. Scott Fitzgerald

Illustrated portrait of Thomas Wolfe

Thomas Wolfe

  • Author
  • Playwright

Met · 1930

Their shared editor, Maxwell Perkins, encouraged the introduction. Wolfe was in Europe on a Guggenheim fellowship and called on Fitzgerald in Paris in June 1930; the lunch became an afternoon of talking and drinking, and Wolfe wrote to Perkins about it days later. The two corresponded through the 1930s and disagreed steadily about how much a novelist should cut.

Asheville Archives: Thomas Wolfe befriends F. Scott Fitzgerald; Wikipedia — Thomas Wolfe

Movements

The artistic and literary currents this life ran through.

Pen-and-ink illustration of four young writers revising manuscripts around a typewriter at a Paris café in the 1920s

Literary generation · c. 1921–1929

The Lost Generation

Named the Jazz Age at home and embodied the Lost Generation abroad: Gatsby written on the Riviera, the Dingo bar introduction to Hemingway, and the expatriate years the memoirs never stopped relitigating.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964), the Fitzgerald chapters; Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (1969)

Start here

Cover of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby

Two sittings, fifty thousand perfect words — the green light, the parties, the bill. Public domain since 2021, and free to read.

Books by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Cover of This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Modernist fiction

F. Scott Fitzgerald's first novel, published in March 1920 and sold out in three days: a Princeton student's education in love, money, and disappointment.

4.0
Cover of Flappers and Philosophers by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Short stories

F. Scott Fitzgerald's first book of short stories, published in September 1920 — eight magazine pieces written for money, one of which became the most famous American story about a haircut.

3.8
Cover of Tales of the Jazz Age by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Short stories

F. Scott Fitzgerald's second story collection, published in 1922 — eleven very uneven pieces, two of them among the best things he ever wrote, and a table of contents in which he grades them himself.

3.8
Cover of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Modernist fiction

F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of love, money, and the Jazz Age — written mostly in France, and often called the great American novel.

4.8
Cover of All the Sad Young Men by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Short stories

F. Scott Fitzgerald's third story collection, published ten months after The Great Gatsby — nine stories about money and class, including “Winter Dreams” and “The Rich Boy.”

4.3
Cover of Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Modernist fiction

The Riviera at its most enchanted, and the marriage underneath it — nine years after Gatsby, the deeper, sadder masterpiece.

4.6

Popular reading paths

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Places

The cataloged places connected to F. Scott Fitzgerald — through the books, and through the documented record.

Places you can enter today appear first, followed by addresses to see from outside and sites that have vanished.

The Dingo Bar's dark wooden façade at dusk, lamps lit behind the curtained windows

Bar · Montparnasse

Open — go in

The Dingo Bar

Fitzgerald's Montparnasse haunt in the spring of 1925 — where he introduced himself to Hemingway weeks after Gatsby published, the scene that opens A Moveable Feast's Fitzgerald chapters.

Visit the place
The terrace of La Closerie des Lilas today, its green awning and menu board framed by planters

Café · Montparnasse

Open — go in

La Closerie des Lilas

Days after the Dingo Bar introduction, Fitzgerald found Hemingway at the Closerie — Hemingway's working café — and proposed the trip to Lyon to retrieve the Fitzgeralds' abandoned Renault, the comic road story at the center of A Moveable Feast's Fitzgerald chapters.

Visit the place
The Hôtel Ritz façade in color in late golden light, white awnings and topiary along the Place Vendôme arcade

Hotel · Place Vendôme

Open — go in

Hôtel Ritz

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote about Hôtel Ritz in Tender Is the Night.

Visit the place
The Gare Saint-Lazare in color — the stone front and forecourt in daylight

Railway station · Quartier de l'Europe

Open — go in

Gare Saint-Lazare

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote about Gare Saint-Lazare in Tender Is the Night.

Visit the place
The corner entrance of 14 rue de Tilsitt today — cream stone, black double doors between two topiaries, ironwork balconies above

Apartment · Étoile / Champs-Élysées

Outside only

14 Rue de Tilsitt

The furnished flat by the Arc de Triomphe the Fitzgeralds took in late April 1925, with The Great Gatsby days off the presses — the address where Hemingway and Hadley came to lunch, and their base until the family left for Salies-de-Béarn in January 1926.

Visit the place
58 rue de Vaugirard today — pale stone, white shutters, and round-studded wooden carriage doors

Apartment · Odéon / Luxembourg

Outside only

58 Rue de Vaugirard

The fourth-floor flat opposite the Luxembourg Gardens, taken over from Gerald and Sara Murphy's empty lease for the summer of 1928 — a stalled-novel season that ended with the family sailing home in October.

Visit the place

Questions about F. Scott Fitzgerald

Who was F. Scott Fitzgerald?

An American writer (1896–1940) who chronicled the Jazz Age — a phrase he coined. He is best known for The Great Gatsby (1925), written partly on the French Riviera and in Rome.

What is F. Scott Fitzgerald best known for?

The Great Gatsby (1925). He also wrote This Side of Paradise (1920), The Beautiful and Damned (1922), and Tender Is the Night (1934), and left the unfinished Hollywood novel published as The Love of the Last Tycoon.

Did Fitzgerald live in Paris?

Yes, intermittently. In 1925–26 the Fitzgeralds took a furnished flat at 14 rue de Tilsitt near the Arc de Triomphe, and spent a summer in 1928 opposite the Luxembourg Gardens. He was part of the expatriate Lost Generation without belonging to daily Paris quite as Hemingway did.

How did Fitzgerald and Hemingway meet?

At the Dingo Bar in Montparnasse in the spring of 1925, weeks after The Great Gatsby was published. Their friendship — and its eventual cooling — is recounted from Hemingway's side in A Moveable Feast.

How did F. Scott Fitzgerald die?

Of a heart attack in Hollywood on 21 December 1940, aged 44. Gatsby was then selling for pennies and nearly out of print; his reputation recovered after his death and has held ever since.

Was he married to Zelda Fitzgerald?

Yes. Scott and Zelda married in 1920, and their marriage ran through New York, the Riviera, and Paris — chronicled from the inside in their fiction.

Sourced claims

Every connection the graph holds for F. Scott Fitzgerald, with the evidence behind it.

Frequented · 1925

The Dingo Bar

Fitzgerald's Montparnasse haunt in the spring of 1925 — where he introduced himself to Hemingway weeks after Gatsby published, the scene that opens A Moveable Feast's Fitzgerald chapters.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964); Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (1969)

Associated with · 1924–1931

The Lost Generation

Named the Jazz Age at home and embodied the Lost Generation abroad: Gatsby written on the Riviera, the Dingo bar introduction to Hemingway, and the expatriate years the memoirs never stopped relitigating.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964), the Fitzgerald chapters; Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (1969)

Lived at · 1925–1926

14 Rue de Tilsitt

The furnished flat by the Arc de Triomphe the Fitzgeralds took in late April 1925, with The Great Gatsby days off the presses — the address where Hemingway and Hadley came to lunch, and their base until the family left for Salies-de-Béarn in January 1926.

A Fitzgerald Chronology — Matthew J. and Arlyn Bruccoli Collection of F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964), the Scott Fitzgerald chapters

Lived at · 1928

58 Rue de Vaugirard

The fourth-floor flat opposite the Luxembourg Gardens, taken over from Gerald and Sara Murphy's empty lease for the summer of 1928 — a stalled-novel season that ended with the family sailing home in October.

A Fitzgerald Chronology — Matthew J. and Arlyn Bruccoli Collection of F. Scott Fitzgerald; John Baxter, John Baxter — A Plaque for Scott and Zelda

Frequented · 1925

La Closerie des Lilas

Days after the Dingo Bar introduction, Fitzgerald found Hemingway at the Closerie — Hemingway's working café — and proposed the trip to Lyon to retrieve the Fitzgeralds' abandoned Renault, the comic road story at the center of A Moveable Feast's Fitzgerald chapters.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964), the Scott Fitzgerald chapters

Met · 1925-04

Ernest Hemingway

The era's most famous introduction: Fitzgerald, two weeks after Gatsby published, walks up to Hemingway at the Dingo bar — the friendship begins.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964); Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (1969)

Married to · 1920

Zelda Fitzgerald

The marriage at the center of both legends — lived through New York, the Riviera, and Paris, chronicled from the inside in their fiction and from a barstool's distance in A Moveable Feast.

Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (1964), the Fitzgerald chapters

Met · 1925

Gertrude Stein

The salon received Gatsby's author in 1925 and, unusually, flattered rather than instructed: the Autobiography predicts Fitzgerald will be read when many of his better-known contemporaries are forgotten.

Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)

Met · 1925

Alice B. Toklas

The rue de Fleurus received Gatsby's author in 1925, and Toklas was half of the reception — the Autobiography, written in her voice, records the visits and the household's high regard for him.

Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)

Collaborated with

Maxwell Perkins

Perkins pushed the rejected manuscript that became This Side of Paradise past Scribner's older men in 1919, and edited everything Fitzgerald wrote afterwards. His letters about the vagueness of Gatsby himself prompted the rewrite that produced The Great Gatsby in 1925.

A. Scott Berg, Max Perkins: Editor of Genius (1978); A Fitzgerald Chronology — Matthew J. and Arlyn Bruccoli Collection of F. Scott Fitzgerald

Met · 1930

Thomas Wolfe

Their shared editor, Maxwell Perkins, encouraged the introduction. Wolfe was in Europe on a Guggenheim fellowship and called on Fitzgerald in Paris in June 1930; the lunch became an afternoon of talking and drinking, and Wolfe wrote to Perkins about it days later. The two corresponded through the 1930s and disagreed steadily about how much a novelist should cut.

Asheville Archives: Thomas Wolfe befriends F. Scott Fitzgerald; Wikipedia — Thomas Wolfe

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